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手工搭建Data Guard

Data Guard的搭建可以使用GC图形化安装,优缺点很明显,优点就是图形化操作,符合国人的习惯(据secooler介绍外国程序员能用图形化做的事就一定用图形做,因为boss看得懂,和国人正相反。。。),缺点就是如同Windows一样,宛如黑盒,换句话说,要时刻祈祷不要出问题,否则有时很难知道他为什么挂了。。。

Data Guard还可以使用命令行操作,正如各位所知,图形化的任何操作背后,其实都是使用的命令。OCM第七场景考试中,我也是纠结了许久,临开始前才决定使用手工方式创建DG,怕的就是图形安装的不确定性。

当然,作为练习,两种方式都熟悉下没什么不好。最近新找了两台机器资源,于是决定搭建一下DG的测试环境,以备后用。

环境准备: 
OS:RH Linux 
配置:2C4G,40G磁盘空间 
数据库:11.2.0.4 
主库SID:BEIJING,单实例 
备库SID:GUOAN,单实例

1.主库准备工作

编辑listener.ora,配置主库静态监听:

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = BEIJING)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4)
      (SID_NAME = BEIJING)
    )
  ) LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill02)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  ) ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle

编辑tnsnames.ora,配置备库连接串:

GUOAN = (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill01)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = GUOAN)
    )
  )

设置force_logging参数:

SYS@BEIJING> alter database force logging;

查看是否开启归档:

SYS@BEIJING> archive log list;
Database log mode              Archive Mode
Automatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 6 Next log sequence to archive 8 Current log sequence 8

若未开启,将库置于mount状态,执行:

alter database archivelog;

确认shared_servers、max_shared_servers、dispatchers和max_dispatchers参数是否置空。(此步骤为了防止创建过程出错,实际验证不设置亦可)。

查看主库日志组:

SYS@BEIJING> select group#, member from v$logfile;  GROUP# MEMBER  ---------- -------------------------------------------------- 1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo01.log  2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo02.log  3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo03.log

一共有三组,再增加四组standby日志:

SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo04.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo05.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo06.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo07.log' size 100M;

SYS@BEIJING> select group#, member, type from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER                                        TYPE
---------- ---------------------------------------- ------- 1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo01.log ONLINE 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo02.log ONLINE 3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo03.log ONLINE 4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo04.log STANDBY 5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo05.log STANDBY 6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo06.log STANDBY 7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo07.log STANDBY

编辑pfile文件,

DB_NAME=BEIJING DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(BEIJING,GUOAN)’  --顺序填写主备库 LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=
 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash                   --location表示本机
  VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)            --填写主库归档路径
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
 'SERVICE=GUOAN ASYNC                           --service表示另一台机器
  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN’                         --填写备库DB名称 LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4        --最大归档进程数官方文档默认30,此处改为4 FAL_SERVER=GUOAN        --为了切换后主备角色互换使用,Fetch Archived Log缩写 DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='GUOAN',’BEIJING’          --数据文件目录结构对应关系 LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='GUOAN',’BEIJING’         --日志文件目录结构对应关系 STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO    --主库数据文件修改,备库可以选择自动或手工管理

将主库已经改好的参数文件和密码文件传至备库dbs路径下:

[oracle@bill02 dbs]$ scp initBEIJING.ora oracle@bill01:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/initGUOAN.ora
[oracle@bill02 dbs]$ scp orapwBEIJING oracle@bill01:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwGUOAN

创建主库spfile,并启动:

SYS@BEIJING> create spfile from pfile; SYS@BEIJING> startup;


2.备库准备工作

编辑tnsnames.ora文件,创建主库连接串:

BEIJING = (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill02)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = BEIJING)
    )
  )

创建备库监听:略

编辑备库pfile文件,

db_name=‘BEIJING’                   --注意此处,主备库的db_name参数要一致 memory_target=1G processes = 150 audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/guoan/adump' audit_trail ='db' db_block_size=8192 db_domain='' db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area' db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle' dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=GUOANXDB)' open_cursors=300 remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE' undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS' control_files = (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl, /u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control02.ctl) compatible ='11.2.0' DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(GUOAN,BEIJING)' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=
 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash
  VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
 'SERVICE=BEIJING ASYNC
  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4 FAL_SERVER=BEIJING DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='BEIJING','GUOAN' LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='BEIJING','GUOAN' STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO

可以采用替换的方式来修改备库pfile文件: 
(1) 将BEIJING替换为中间变量TMP_BEIJING; 
(2) 将GUOAN替换为BEIJING; 
(3) 将TMP_BEIJING替换为GUOAN;

创建spfile,启动备库:

SYS@GUOAN> create spfile from pfile;

SYS@GUOAN> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes
Fixed Size 2260088 bytes
Variable Size 671089544 bytes
Database Buffers 390070272 bytes
Redo Buffers 5517312 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info

此处有报错,可以暂时忽略,因为备库还未有控制文件。


3.主备库文件传输

此处我们采用RMAN来将主库文件传至备库:

oracle@bill02 dbs]$ rman target / auxiliary sys/oracle@guoan

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Jul 29 09:46:22 2016  Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: BEIJING (DBID=882855131)
connected to auxiliary database: BEIJING (not mounted)

执行复制:

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database;

Starting Duplicate Db at 29-JUL-16  using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=10 device type=DISK contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy reuse
   targetfile  '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwBEIJING' auxiliary format 
 '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwGUOAN'   ;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 29-JUL-16 contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format
  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl';
   restore clone controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control02.ctl' from '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16 using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy copying standby control file output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f tag=TAG20160729T094647 RECID=1 STAMP=918467209 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03 Finished backup at 29-JUL-16 Starting restore at 29-JUL-16 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy Finished restore at 29-JUL-16 contents of Memory Script:
{
   sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter database mount standby database contents of Memory Script:
{ set newname for tempfile 1 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/temp01.dbf";
   switch clone tempfile all; set newname for datafile 1 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 2 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 3 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 4 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf";
   backup as copy reuse
   datafile 1 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf" datafile 2 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf" datafile 3 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf" datafile 4 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf" ;
   sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/temp01.dbf in control file executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16 using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07 Finished backup at 29-JUL-16 sql statement: alter system archive log current contents of Memory Script:
{
   switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script

datafile 1 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=1 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at 29-JUL-16

回显所使用的文件传输脚本和过程。

此时从备库可以使用watch监控文件传输进度:

watch ls
Every 2.0s: ls              Thu Jul 28 09:51:41 2016  control01.ctl  control02.ctl  redo01.log  redo02.log  redo03.log  redo04.log  redo05.log  redo06.log  redo07.log  sysaux01.dbf  system01.dbf  undotbs01.dbf  users01.dbf

传输完成,可以从备库查看,此时主备库数据文件、日志文件、参数文件保持一致:

oracle@bill01 GUOAN]$ ls -rlth
total 1.9G
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 501M Jul 28 09:50 system01.dbf -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 326M Jul 28 09:50 sysaux01.dbf -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 201M Jul 28 09:50 undotbs01.dbf -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:50 users01.dbf -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo01.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo02.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo03.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo04.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo05.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo06.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo07.log -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9.1M Jul 28 09:51 control01.ctl -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9.1M Jul 28 09:51 control02.ctl


4.验证主备库状态

此时查看备库状态,处于MOUNT,角色是物理备库:

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE ---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY MOUNTED

SQL> select status from v$instance; STATUS
------------ MOUNTED

此时主库状态,处于OPEN,可读写:

SYS@BEIJING> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE ---------------- --------------------
PRIMARY          READ WRITE

SYS@BEIJING> select status from v$instance; STATUS
------------ OPEN


5.切换ADG

打开备库实时应用:

SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> recover managed standby database cancel;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> alter database open;

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY

其中disconnect from session表示后台执行,类似于shell的&。可以看出现在备库处于READ ONLY状态,不再是处于MOUNT不可使用的状态,即现在可以执行只读操作了。

继续:

SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY WITH APPLY

此时数据库状态时READ ONLY WITH APPLY,即只读且实时应用日志,通常所说的ADG,Active Data Guard。

READ ONLY WITH APPLY表示备库处于READ ONLY状态的同时可以接收主库传过来的日志文件并进行恢复,以便备库可以即时查看到主库的变化。


6.切换SNAPSHOT DATABASE

执行:

SQL> alter database recover managed standby database cancel;

SQL> alter database convert to snapshot standby;

SNAPSHOT的原理是基于闪回数据原理,此时备库是可读写状态,可以用这种真实的生产环境进行一些无法在测试环境做的实验。使用完后,可以执行命令退回,SNAPSHOT期间对备库做的所有变更都会还原:

SQL> alter database convert to physical standby;

SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect;


7.切换主库日志

通过主库手工切换日志,来看看备库是否实时接收应用了日志,可以看出此时备库的最新日志SEQUENCE#是15号:

SYS@BEIJING> alter system archive log current; 
System altered.

SYS@BEIJING> select sequence#, first_time, next_time from v$archived_log order by sequence#;  SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME         NEXT_TIME  ---------- ------------------ ------------------ 13 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  13 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  14 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16 14 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  15 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  15 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16

此时查看备库,已经应用15号日志:

SQL> select sequence#, first_time, next_time from v$archived_log order by sequence#; SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME         NEXT_TIME
---------- ------------------ ------------------ 12 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  13 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  14 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16  15 29-JUL-16 29-JUL-16


8.设置归档日志删除策略

可以设置主库的归档日志应用至备库后再删除的策略,一方面保证了归档日志传输接收,另一方面可以有效控制归档日志文件的产生量大小。默认是没有任何删除策略:

[oracle@bill02 BEIJING]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Jul 29 10:10:55 2016  Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: BEIJING (DBID=882855131)

RMAN> show all;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name BEIJING are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default  CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default  CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default  CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default  CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default  CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default  CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default  CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default  CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default  CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default  CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default  CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f'; # default

执行:

RMAN> CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY; new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY; new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

再次查看:

RMAN> show all;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name BEIJING are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default  CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default  CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default  CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default  CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default  CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default  CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default  CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default  CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default  CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default  CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default  CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY;
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f'; # default


9.总结 
Data Guard的手工搭建方式,如果理清思路,还是比较清晰的,我最开始做的时候,由于监听、连接串一系列问题,总是duplicate出错,但手工方式好就好在可以让你有调试排查的机会,因为每一步手工操作都有他的意义,过程可逆,若是图形操作,则相对封闭些。 
另外,这里只是DG搭建的最基础方式,其实对于一套DG生产环境,还有很多预防性设置,之前参考过某些牛人的梳理,确实很详细,有些内容自己还未掌握,还需要继续学习。

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