Java14的新特性

Java语言特性系列

• Java5的新特性
• Java6的新特性
• Java7的新特性
• Java8的新特性
• Java9的新特性
• Java10的新特性
• Java11的新特性
• Java12的新特性
• Java13的新特性
• Java14的新特性
• Java15的新特性

序

本文主要讲述一下Java14的新特性

版本号

java -version
openjdk version "14" 2020-03-17
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 14+36-1461)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 14+36-1461, mixed mode, sharing)

从version信息可以看出是build 14+36

特性列表

305:Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)

JDK14引入了preview版本的针对instanceof的模式匹配，其用法示例如下

public boolean isBadRequestError(Exception ex) {
        return (ex instanceof HttpClientErrorException rce) &&
                HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST == rce.getStatusCode();
    }

无需在自己进行类型强转

343:Packaging Tool (Incubator)

JDK14引入了jdk.incubator.jpackage.jmod，它基于JavaFX javapackager tool构建，目的在于创建一个简单的打包工具，可以用于构建exe、pkg、dmg、deb、rpm格式的安装文件；非模块化的app的构建示例如下

jpackage --name myapp --input lib --main-jar main.jar

345:NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1

实现了NUMA-aware的内存分配，以提升G1在大型机器上的性能

349:JFR Event Streaming

JDK11引入了JFR，使用的时候先dump到磁盘上然后再分析；而在JDK14则支持stream方式来进行持续性的监控，示例如下

public class AgentMain implements Runnable {

    public static void premain(String agentArgs, Instrumentation inst) {
        try {
            Logger.getLogger("AgentMain").log(
                    Level.INFO, "Attaching JFR Monitor");
            new Thread(new AgentMain()).start();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            Logger.getLogger("AgentMain").log(
                    Level.SEVERE,"Unable to attach JFR Monitor", t);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        var sender = new JfrStreamEventSender();
        try (var rs = new RecordingStream()) {
            rs.enable("jdk.CPULoad")
                    .withPeriod(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
            rs.enable("jdk.JavaMonitorEnter")
                    .withThreshold(Duration.ofMillis(10));
            rs.onEvent("jdk.CPULoad", sender);
            rs.onEvent("jdk.JavaMonitorEnter", sender);
            rs.start();
        }
    }
}

352:Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers

该特性新增了java.base/jdk/internal/misc/ExtendedMapMode.java以支持MappedByteBuffer访问non-volatile memory (NVM)

358:Helpful NullPointerExceptions

该特性可以更好地提示哪个地方出现的空指针，需要通过-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages开启，示例如下

public class NullPointerExample {

    public record City(String name){

    }

    public record Location(City city) {

    }

    public record User(String name, Location location) {

    }

    public static void main(String[] args){
        User user = new User("hello", new Location(null));
        System.out.println(user.location().city().name());
    }
}

输出如下

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "com.example.NullPointerExample$City.name()" because the return value of "com.example.NullPointerExample$Location.city()" is null
    at com.example.NullPointerExample.main(NullPointerExample.java:25)

359:Records (Preview)

JDK14引入了preview版本的record类型，示例如下

public record Point(int x, int y) {

    public Point {
        System.out.println(String.format("(%d,%d)", x, y));
    }

    public Point(int value) {
        this(value, value);
    }

    public static Point of(int value) {
        return new Point(value, value);
    }
}

查看字节码如下

javac --enable-preview -source 14 Point.java
javap -verbose Point.class
Compiled from "Point.java"
public final class com.example.domain.Point extends java.lang.Record {
  public com.example.domain.Point(int, int);
  public static com.example.domain.Point of(int);
  public java.lang.String toString();
  public final int hashCode();
  public final boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
  public int x();
  public int y();
}

可以看见Point继承了java.lang.Record，而且通过invokedynamic提供了final的hashCode及equals

361:Switch Expressions (Standard)

JDK12引入的switch在JDK14变为正式版本，正式版主要是用 -> 来替代以前的 : + break ；另外就是提供了yield来在block中返回值，示例如下

public void testSwitchWithArrowBlockAndYield() {
        int n = 3;
        String quantityString = switch (n) {
            case 1 -> "one";
            case 2 -> "two";
            default -> {
                System.out.println("default");
                yield "many";
            }
        };
        System.out.println(quantityString);
    }

362:Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports

废弃了 Solaris/SPARC, Solaris/x64, and Linux/SPARC ports，以在未来的版本中移除

363:Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector

移除了CMS垃圾收集器，如果在JDK14中使用-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC的话，会出现warning，但是不会exit而是以默认的垃圾收集器运行，如下

OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Ignoring option UseConcMarkSweepGC; support was removed in 14.0

364:ZGC on macOS

之前的ZGC只能在linux上使用，现在mac上也能使用ZGC了，示例如下

-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseZGC

365:ZGC on Windows

之前的ZGC只能在linux上使用，现在windows( 不能低于1803版本 )上也能使用ZGC了，示例如下

-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+UseZGC

366:Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination

废弃了parallel young generation GC与SerialOld GC的组合( -XX:+UseParallelGC与-XX:-UseParallelOldGC配合开启 )，现在使用-XX:+UseParallelGC -XX:-UseParallelOldGC或者-XX:-UseParallelOldGC都会报错如下

OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Option UseParallelOldGC was deprecated in version 14.0 and will likely be removed in a future release.

单独使用-XX:+UseParallelGC则开启parallel young and old generation GC algorithms

367:Remove the Pack200 Tools and API

移除了Pack200 API

368:Text Blocks (Second Preview)

JDK13引入的text blocks进行第二轮preview，JDK14的版本主要增加了两个escape sequences，分别是 /<line-terminator> 与 /s escape sequence ，示例如下

@Test
    public void testTextBlockWithTwoNewEscapeSequences() {
        String inOneLine = """
                Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing /
                elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore /
                et dolore magna aliqua./
                """;
        System.out.println(inOneLine);

        String singleSpace = """
                red  /s
                green/s
                blue /s
                """;
        System.out.println(singleSpace);
    }

370:Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)

提供了incubator版本的API用于操纵堆外内存，使用示例如下

@Test
    public void testForeignMemoryAccessAPI() {
        SequenceLayout intArrayLayout
                = MemoryLayout.ofSequence(25,
                MemoryLayout.ofValueBits(32,
                        ByteOrder.nativeOrder()));

        VarHandle intElemHandle
                = intArrayLayout.varHandle(int.class,
                MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement());

        try (MemorySegment segment = MemorySegment.allocateNative(intArrayLayout)) {
            MemoryAddress base = segment.baseAddress();
            for (int i = 0; i < intArrayLayout.elementCount().getAsLong(); i++) {
                intElemHandle.set(base, (long) i, i);
            }
        }
    }

细项解读

上面列出的是大方面的特性，除此之外还有一些api的更新及废弃，主要见 JDK 14 Release Notes ，这里举几个例子。

添加项

• New Method to SAX ContentHandler for Handling XML Declaration ( JDK-8230814 )

给SAX ContentHandler新增了方法，如下

default void declaration(String version, String encoding, String standalone)
        throws SAXException
    {
        //no op
    }

移除项

• Removal of sun.nio.cs.map System Property ( JDK-8229960 )

移除了sun.nio.cs.map属性

• Removed Deprecated java.security.acl APIs ( JDK-8191138 )

移除了java.security.acl

• Removal of the Default keytool -keyalg Value ( JDK-8214024 )

移除了默认的keytool -keyalg

废弃项

• Thread Suspend/Resume Are Deprecated for Removal ( JDK-8231602 )

废弃了Thread的如下方法

Thread.suspend()
Thread.resume()
ThreadGroup.suspend()
ThreadGroup.resume()
ThreadGroup.allowThreadSuspension(boolean)

已知问题

• Text Visibility Issues in macOS Dark Mode ( JDK-8228555 )

一直在macOS上的Dark Mode有Text Visibility Issues

其他事项

• Thread.countStackFrames Changed to Unconditionally Throw UnsupportedOperationException ( JDK-8205132 )

Thread.countStackFrames开启转为无条件地抛出UnsupportedOperationException

小结

Java14主要有如下几个特性