本篇文章主要是介绍使用LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder解码器自定义协议。通常,协议的格式如下:
LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder是netty解决拆包粘包问题的一个重要的类,主要结构就是header+body结构。我们只需要传入正确的参数就可以发送和接收正确的数据,那么重点就在于这几个参数的意义。下面我们就具体了解一下这几个参数的意义。先来看一下LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder主要的构造方法:
public LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(
int maxFrameLength,
int lengthFieldOffset, int lengthFieldLength,
int lengthAdjustment, int initialBytesToStrip)
那么这几个重要的参数如下:
下面我们根据几个例子的使用来具体说明这几个参数的使用。
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
发送的数据 (14 bytes) 接收到数据 (14 bytes)
+--------+----------------+ +--------+----------------+
| Length | Actual Content |----->| Length | Actual Content |
| 12 | "HELLO, WORLD" | | 12 | "HELLO, WORLD" |
+--------+----------------+ +--------+----------------+
留心的你肯定发现了,长度域只是实际内容的长度,不包括长度域的长度。下面是参数的值:
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
发送的数据 (14 bytes) 接收到数据 (12 bytes) +--------+----------------+ +----------------+ | Length | Actual Content |----->| Actual Content | | 12 | "HELLO, WORLD" | | "HELLO, WORLD" | +--------+----------------+ +----------------+
参数值如下:
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
BEFORE DECODE (14 bytes) AFTER DECODE (14 bytes) +--------+----------------+ +--------+----------------+ | Length | Actual Content |----->| Length | Actual Content | | 14 | "HELLO, WORLD" | | 14 | "HELLO, WORLD" | +--------+----------------+ +--------+----------------+
留心的你肯定又发现了,长度域表示的长度是总长度 也就是header+body的总长度。参数如下:
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
BEFORE DECODE (17 bytes) AFTER DECODE (17 bytes) +----------+----------+----------------+ +----------+----------+----------------+ | meta | Length | Actual Content |----->| meta | Length | Actual Content | | 0xCAFE | 12 | "HELLO, WORLD" | | 0xCAFE | 12 | "HELLO, WORLD" | +----------+----------+----------------+ +----------+----------+----------------+
我们发现,数据的结构有点变化,变成了 meta+header+body的结构。meta一般表示元数据,魔数等。我们定义这里meta有三个字节。参数如下:
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
BEFORE DECODE (17 bytes) AFTER DECODE (17 bytes)
+----------+----------+----------------+ +----------+----------+----------------+
| Length | meta | Actual Content |----->| Length | meta | Actual Content |
| 12 | 0xCAFE | "HELLO, WORLD" | | 12 | 0xCAFE | "HELLO, WORLD" |
+----------+----------+----------------+ +----------+----------+----------------+
我们发现,数据的结构有点变化,变成了 header+meta+body的结构。meta一般表示元数据,魔数等。我们定义这里meta有三个字节。参数如下:
长度域为2个字节,我们要求发送和接收的数据如下所示:
BEFORE DECODE (16 bytes) AFTER DECODE (13 bytes)
+------+--------+------+----------------+ +------+----------------+
| HDR1 | Length | HDR2 | Actual Content |----->| HDR2 | Actual Content |
| 0xCA | 0x000C | 0xFE | "HELLO, WORLD" | | 0xFE | "HELLO, WORLD" |
+------+--------+------+----------------+ +------+----------------+
我们发现,数据的结构有点变化,变成了 hdr1+header+hdr2+body的结构。我们定义这里hdr1和hdr2都只有1个字节。参数如下:
在前面的文章中我们知道,具体的拆包协议只需要实现
void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out)
其中 in 表示目前为止还未拆的数据,拆完之后的包添加到 out这个list中即可实现包向下传递,第一层实现比较简单
@Override
protected final void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
Object decoded = decode(ctx, in);
if (decoded != null) {
out.add(decoded);
}
}
重载的protected函数decode做真正的拆包动作
protected Object decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in) throws Exception {
if (this.discardingTooLongFrame) {
long bytesToDiscard = this.bytesToDiscard;
int localBytesToDiscard = (int)Math.min(bytesToDiscard, (long)in.readableBytes());
in.skipBytes(localBytesToDiscard);
bytesToDiscard -= (long)localBytesToDiscard;
this.bytesToDiscard = bytesToDiscard;
this.failIfNecessary(false);
}
// 如果当前可读字节还未达到长度长度域的偏移,那说明肯定是读不到长度域的,直接不读
if (in.readableBytes() < this.lengthFieldEndOffset) {
return null;
} else {
// 拿到长度域的实际字节偏移,就是长度域的开始下标
// 这里就是需求4,开始的几个字节并不是长度域
int actualLengthFieldOffset = in.readerIndex() + this.lengthFieldOffset;
// 拿到实际的未调整过的包长度
// 就是读取长度域的十进制值,最原始传过来的包的长度
long frameLength = this.getUnadjustedFrameLength(in, actualLengthFieldOffset, this.lengthFieldLength, this.byteOrder);
// 如果拿到的长度为负数,直接跳过长度域并抛出异常
if (frameLength < 0L) {
in.skipBytes(this.lengthFieldEndOffset);
throw new CorruptedFrameException("negative pre-adjustment length field: " + frameLength);
} else {
// 调整包的长度
frameLength += (long)(this.lengthAdjustment + this.lengthFieldEndOffset);
// 整个数据包的长度还没有长度域长,直接抛出异常
if (frameLength < (long)this.lengthFieldEndOffset) {
in.skipBytes(this.lengthFieldEndOffset);
throw new CorruptedFrameException("Adjusted frame length (" + frameLength + ") is less " + "than lengthFieldEndOffset: " + this.lengthFieldEndOffset);
// 数据包长度超出最大包长度,进入丢弃模式
} else if (frameLength > (long)this.maxFrameLength) {
long discard = frameLength - (long)in.readableBytes();
this.tooLongFrameLength = frameLength;
if (discard < 0L) {
in.skipBytes((int)frameLength);
} else {
this.discardingTooLongFrame = true;
this.bytesToDiscard = discard;
in.skipBytes(in.readableBytes());
}
this.failIfNecessary(true);
return null;
} else {
int frameLengthInt = (int)frameLength;
//当前可读的字节数小于包中的length,什么都不做,等待下一次解码
if (in.readableBytes() < frameLengthInt) {
return null;
//跳过的字节不能大于数据包的长度,否则就抛出 CorruptedFrameException 的异常
} else if (this.initialBytesToStrip > frameLengthInt) {
in.skipBytes(frameLengthInt);
throw new CorruptedFrameException("Adjusted frame length (" + frameLength + ") is less " + "than initialBytesToStrip: " + this.initialBytesToStrip);
} else {
//根据initialBytesToStrip的设置来跳过某些字节
in.skipBytes(this.initialBytesToStrip);
//拿到当前累积数据的读指针
int readerIndex = in.readerIndex();
//拿到待抽取数据包的实际长度
int actualFrameLength = frameLengthInt - this.initialBytesToStrip;
//进行抽取
ByteBuf frame = this.extractFrame(ctx, in, readerIndex, actualFrameLength);
//移动读指针
in.readerIndex(readerIndex + actualFrameLength);
return frame;
}
}
}
}
}
下面分几个部分来分析一下这个重量级函数
// 拿到长度域的实际字节偏移,就是长度域的开始下标 // 这里就是需求4,开始的几个字节并不是长度域 int actualLengthFieldOffset = in.readerIndex() + this.lengthFieldOffset; // 拿到实际的未调整过的包长度 // 就是读取长度域的十进制值,最原始传过来的包的长度 long frameLength = this.getUnadjustedFrameLength(in, actualLengthFieldOffset, this.lengthFieldLength, this.byteOrder); // 调整包的长度 frameLength += (long)(this.lengthAdjustment + this.lengthFieldEndOffset);
上面这一段内容有个扩展点 getUnadjustedFrameLength,如果你的长度域代表的值表达的含义不是正常的int,short等基本类型,你可以重写这个函数
protected long getUnadjustedFrameLength(ByteBuf buf, int offset, int length, ByteOrder order) {
buf = buf.order(order);
long frameLength;
switch (length) {
case 1:
frameLength = buf.getUnsignedByte(offset);
break;
case 2:
frameLength = buf.getUnsignedShort(offset);
break;
case 3:
frameLength = buf.getUnsignedMedium(offset);
break;
case 4:
frameLength = buf.getUnsignedInt(offset);
break;
case 8:
frameLength = buf.getLong(offset);
break;
default:
throw new DecoderException(
"unsupported lengthFieldLength: " + lengthFieldLength + " (expected: 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8)");
}
return frameLength;
}
int frameLengthInt = (int)frameLength;
//当前可读的字节数小于包中的length,什么都不做,等待下一次解码
if (in.readableBytes() < frameLengthInt) {
return null;
//跳过的字节不能大于数据包的长度,否则就抛出 CorruptedFrameException 的异常
} else if (this.initialBytesToStrip > frameLengthInt) {
in.skipBytes(frameLengthInt);
throw new CorruptedFrameException("Adjusted frame length (" + frameLength + ") is less " + "than initialBytesToStrip: " + this.initialBytesToStrip);
}
//根据initialBytesToStrip的设置来跳过某些字节
in.skipBytes(this.initialBytesToStrip);
先验证当前是否已经读到足够的字节,如果读到了,在下一步抽取一个完整的数据包之前,需要根据initialBytesToStrip的设置来跳过某些字节(见文章开篇),当然,跳过的字节不能大于数据包的长度,否则就抛出 CorruptedFrameException 的异常
//根据initialBytesToStrip的设置来跳过某些字节 in.skipBytes(this.initialBytesToStrip); //拿到当前累积数据的读指针 int readerIndex = in.readerIndex(); //拿到待抽取数据包的实际长度 int actualFrameLength = frameLengthInt - this.initialBytesToStrip; //进行抽取 ByteBuf frame = this.extractFrame(ctx, in, readerIndex, actualFrameLength); //移动读指针 in.readerIndex(readerIndex + actualFrameLength); return frame;
到了最后抽取数据包其实就很简单了,拿到当前累积数据的读指针,然后拿到待抽取数据包的实际长度进行抽取,抽取之后,移动读指针
protected ByteBuf extractFrame(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf buffer, int index, int length) {
return buffer.retainedSlice(index, length);
}
抽取的过程是简单的调用了一下 ByteBuf 的retainedSliceapi,该api无内存copy开销
public class MyProtocolBean {
//类型 系统编号 0xA 表示A系统,0xB 表示B系统
private byte type;
//信息标志 0xA 表示心跳包 0xB 表示超时包 0xC 业务信息包
private byte flag;
//内容长度
private int length;
//内容
private String content;
//省略get/set
}
public class Server {
private static final int MAX_FRAME_LENGTH = 1024 * 1024; //最大长度
private static final int LENGTH_FIELD_LENGTH = 4; //长度字段所占的字节数
private static final int LENGTH_FIELD_OFFSET = 2; //长度偏移
private static final int LENGTH_ADJUSTMENT = 0;
private static final int INITIAL_BYTES_TO_STRIP = 0;
private int port;
public Server(int port) {
this.port = port;
}
public void start(){
EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap sbs = new ServerBootstrap().group(bossGroup,workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).localAddress(new InetSocketAddress(port))
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new MyProtocolDecoder(MAX_FRAME_LENGTH,LENGTH_FIELD_OFFSET,LENGTH_FIELD_LENGTH,LENGTH_ADJUSTMENT,INITIAL_BYTES_TO_STRIP,false));
ch.pipeline().addLast(new ServerHandler());
};
}).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128)
.childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true);
// 绑定端口,开始接收进来的连接
ChannelFuture future = sbs.bind(port).sync();
System.out.println("Server start listen at " + port );
future.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} catch (Exception e) {
bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int port;
if (args.length > 0) {
port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
} else {
port = 8080;
}
new Server(port).start();
}
}
自定义解码器MyProtocolDecoder
public class MyProtocolDecoder extends LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder {
private static final int HEADER_SIZE = 6;
/**
* @param maxFrameLength 帧的最大长度
* @param lengthFieldOffset length字段偏移的地址
* @param lengthFieldLength length字段所占的字节长
* @param lengthAdjustment 修改帧数据长度字段中定义的值,可以为负数 因为有时候我们习惯把头部记入长度,若为负数,则说明要推后多少个字段
* @param initialBytesToStrip 解析时候跳过多少个长度
* @param failFast 为true,当frame长度超过maxFrameLength时立即报TooLongFrameException异常,为false,读取完整个帧再报异
*/
public MyProtocolDecoder(int maxFrameLength, int lengthFieldOffset, int lengthFieldLength, int lengthAdjustment, int initialBytesToStrip, boolean failFast) {
super(maxFrameLength, lengthFieldOffset, lengthFieldLength, lengthAdjustment, initialBytesToStrip, failFast);
}
@Override
protected Object decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in) throws Exception {
//在这里调用父类的方法,实现指得到想要的部分,我在这里全部都要,也可以只要body部分
in = (ByteBuf) super.decode(ctx,in);
if(in == null){
return null;
}
if(in.readableBytes()<HEADER_SIZE){
throw new Exception("字节数不足");
}
//读取type字段
byte type = in.readByte();
//读取flag字段
byte flag = in.readByte();
//读取length字段
int length = in.readInt();
if(in.readableBytes()!=length){
throw new Exception("标记的长度不符合实际长度");
}
//读取body
byte []bytes = new byte[in.readableBytes()];
in.readBytes(bytes);
return new MyProtocolBean(type,flag,length,new String(bytes,"UTF-8"));
}
}
public class ServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
MyProtocolBean myProtocolBean = (MyProtocolBean)msg; //直接转化成协议消息实体
System.out.println(myProtocolBean.getContent());
}
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
super.channelActive(ctx);
}
}
public class Client {
static final String HOST = System.getProperty("host", "127.0.0.1");
static final int PORT = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("port", "8080"));
static final int SIZE = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("size", "256"));
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// Configure the client.
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
b.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new MyProtocolEncoder());
ch.pipeline().addLast(new ClientHandler());
}
});
ChannelFuture future = b.connect(HOST, PORT).sync();
future.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
}
}
public class MyProtocolEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder<MyProtocolBean> {
@Override
protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MyProtocolBean msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
if(msg == null){
throw new Exception("msg is null");
}
out.writeByte(msg.getType());
out.writeByte(msg.getFlag());
out.writeInt(msg.getLength());
out.writeBytes(msg.getContent().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
}
}
public class ClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
}
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
MyProtocolBean myProtocolBean = new MyProtocolBean((byte)0xA, (byte)0xC, "Hello,Netty".length(), "Hello,Netty");
ctx.writeAndFlush(myProtocolBean);
}
}