转载

iOS中的单例你用对了么?

iOS中的单例你用对了么?

投稿文章,作者:Haley_Wong

单例模式怎么定义的,可能在不同的语言,不同的书中不完全一样,但是概况开来都应该是:一个类有且仅有一个实例,并且自行实例化向整个系统提供。

因此,首先你可能需要确定你是真的需要一个单例类,还是说仅仅是需要一个方便调用的实例化方法。如果你是真的需要一个单例类,那么你就应该确保这个单例类,有且仅有一个实例(不管怎么操作都只能获取到这个实例)。

最近看到一些github上的单例使用,别人的用法,有一些思考,然后写demo测试了下,就这个简单的单例也有一些坑呢,希望能给他人一些提醒。

Objective-C中的单例

我们通常在OC中实现一个单例方法都是这样:

static HLTestObject *instance = nil; + (instancetype)sharedInstance {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [[[self class] alloc] init];     });     return instance; }

可是这样就可以了么?我做了如下测试:

HLTestObject *objct1 = [HLTestObject sharedInstance]; NSLog(@"%@",objct1); HLTestObject *objc2 = [[HLTestObject alloc] init]; NSLog(@"%@",objc2); HLTestObject *objc3 = [HLTestObject new]; NSLog(@"%@",objc3);

看到这个测试,你想到打印结果了么?结果是这样的:

2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998]            2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998]                2016-05-23 12:52:57.095 PractiseProject[3579:81998]                   

很明显,通过三种方式创建出来的是不同的实例对象,这就违背了单例类有且仅有一个实例的定义。

为了防止别人不小心利用alloc/init方式创建示例,也为了防止别人故意为之,我们要保证不管用什么方式创建都只能是同一个实例对象,这就得重写另一个方法,实现如下:

+ (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];     });     return instance; }

再次用上面的测试代码,结果是这样的:

2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975]            2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975]                2016-05-23 12:57:37.396 PractiseProject[3618:83975]                   

好像用不同的构造方法,获取的都是同一个对象,你以为这样就完了?还早着呢!

一般我们的类里肯定都会有一些属性,然后我就添加了两个property:

@property (assign, nonatomic)   int  height; @property (strong, nonatomic)   NSObject  *object; @property (strong, nonatomic)   NSMutableArray  *arrayM;

而一些对象类的初始化,或者基础类型的默认值设置都是在init方法里,就像这样:

- (instancetype)init {     self = [super init];     if (self) {         _height = 10;         _object = [[NSObject alloc] init];         _arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];     }     return self; }

我重写了HLTestObject类的description方法:

- (NSString *)description {     NSString *result = @"";     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];     return result; }

还是用上面的测试代码,测试结果是这样的:

2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758]            height = 20, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b422940, object = 0x7f8a5b4544e0, 2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758]                height = 10, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b4552e0, object = 0x7f8a5b45a710, 2016-05-23 13:14:43.684 PractiseProject[3781:92758]                    height = 10, arrayM = 0x7f8a5b459770, object = 0x7f8a5b4544e0,                  

可以看到,尽管使用的是同一个示例,可是他们的property值却不一样。

因为尽管没有为示例重新分配内存空间,但是因为又执行了init方法,会导致property被重新初始化。

所以我们需要修改单例的实现。

第一种:

可以将property的初始化或者默认值设置放到dispatch_once 的block内部:

static HLTestObject *instance = nil; + (instancetype)sharedInstance {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [[[self class] alloc] init];         instance.height = 10;         instance.object = [[NSObject alloc] init];         instance.arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];     });     return instance; } + (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];     });     return instance; } - (NSString *)description {     NSString *result = @"";     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];     return result; }

来看看测试结果:

2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058]            height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0, 2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058]                height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0, 2016-05-23 13:29:14.856 PractiseProject[3909:99058]                    height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa722716c10, object = 0x7fa7227140e0,                  

第二种:

static HLTestObject *instance = nil; + (instancetype)sharedInstance {     return [[self alloc] init]; } - (instancetype)init {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [super init];         instance.height = 10;         instance.object = [[NSObject alloc] init];         instance.arrayM = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];     });     return instance; } + (instancetype)allocWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)zone {     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{         instance = [super allocWithZone:zone];     });     return instance; } - (NSString *)description {     NSString *result = @"";     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"<%@: %p>",[self class], self];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" height = %d,",self.height];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" arrayM = %p,",self.arrayM];     result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@" object = %p,",self.object];     return result; }

测试结果:

2016-05-23 13:31:44.824 PractiseProject[3939:100662]            height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940, 2016-05-23 13:31:44.825 PractiseProject[3939:100662]                height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940, 2016-05-23 13:31:44.825 PractiseProject[3939:100662]                    height = 20, arrayM = 0x7fa9da707ca0, object = 0x7fa9da70a940,                  

注意:

以上代码均是使用ARC的方式管理内存,如果你还在使用MRC(这也太不与时俱进了)。那你还需要重写 retain 和release方法,防止示例引用计数的改变。

Swift中的单例

利用Swift中的一些特性,Swift中的单例可以超级简单,like this:

class HLTestObject: NSObject {     static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject(); }

可是这样就完了么?同样写一段测试代码:

let object1 = HLTestObject.sharedInstance; print(object1); let object2 = HLTestObject(); print(object2);

打印结果却是这样的:

所以,我们必须禁用到构造方法:

class HLTestObject: NSObject {     static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject();     private override init() {     } }

如果有实例属性需要初始化,就可以这样:

class HLTestObject: NSObject {     var height = 10;     var arrayM: NSMutableArray     var object: NSObject     static let sharedInstance = HLTestObject();     private override init() {         object = NSObject()         arrayM = NSMutableArray()         super.init()     } }

当然,由于Swift的特性,在Swift中创建单例的方式也不止一种,需要注意的是要确保该类有且仅有一个实例就OK了。

Have Fun!

原文  http://www.cocoachina.com/ios/20160713/17017.html
正文到此结束
Loading...