Android NDK开发中,常常因为效率、安全等原因,需要借助JNI的机制调用到Native环境中进行c/cpp操作,常见的Java层需要调用Native层的代码时的标准流程是这样的:
dlxxx 系列方法加载动态链接库,然后调用库中的 JNI_Onload 方法,解析并保存头文件中的符号表 这篇文章里,我将会提供典型的JAVA与Native使用JNI接口实现双向调用的实例,同时也会从源码的角度分析两种JNI动态注册的原理
下面的示例中分别会给出从JAVA调用到Native、从Native调用到JAVA的两个典型示例
public class HelloJniextends AppCompatActivity{
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_hello_jni);
TextView tv = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.hello_textview);
// 通过JNI调用native方法
tv.setText(stringFromJNI());
}
// 声明native方法
public native String stringFromJNI();
// 初始化动态so库
static {
System.loadLibrary("hello-jni");
}
}
Java_com_example_hellojni_HelloJni_stringFromJNI #include<jni.h>
#include<string>
#include"format.h"
extern "C" {
JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALLJava_com_example_hellojni_HelloJni_stringFromJNI( JNIEnv * env, jobject obj )
{
std::string hello = fmt::format(
"Hello from C++ Format! GCC version: {}.{}", __GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__);
return env->NewStringUTF(hello.c_str());
}
}
和使用 RegisterMethodsOrDie 方法进行注册不同,这个示例使用了 JNIEXPORT 和 JNICALL 的命名规则进行native方法的初始化,通过这种特殊的规则,虚拟机可以在不主动调用注册方法的前提下进行静态注册
LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir) include $(CLEAR_VARS) $(call import-add-path,$(LOCAL_PATH)) LOCAL_MODULE := hello-jni LOCAL_SRC_FILES := hello-jni.cpp LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := cppformat_static include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY) $(call import-module,../../cppformat)
public class JniHandle{
public String getStringForJava(){
return "string from method in java";
}
}
getStringForJava JAVA方法 JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
Java_com_example_hellojni_callJavaMethodFromJni(JNIEnv *env, jclass type) {
// 通过JNIEnv获取到jclass
jclass jniHandle = (*env)->FindClass(env, "com/example/JniHandle");
if (NULL == jniHandle) {
LOGW("can't find jniHandle");
return;
}
jmethodID constructor = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, jniHandle, "<init>", "()V");
if (NULL == constructor) {
LOGW("can't constructor JniHandle");
return;
}
// 创建一个JniHanlde的实例
jobject jniHandleObject = (*env)->NewObject(env, jniHandle, constructor);
if (NULL == jniHandleObject) {
LOGW("can't new JniHandle");
return;
}
// 通过JNIEnv获取到jmethod
jmethodID getStringForJava = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, jniHandle, "getStringForJava", ()Ljava/lang/String;");
if (NULL == getStringForJava) {
LOGW("can't find method of getStringForJava");
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, jniHandle);
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, jniHandleObject);
return;
}
// 调用该JAVA方法
jstring result = (*env)->CallObjectMethod(env, jniHandleObject, getStringForJava);
const char *resultChar = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, result, NULL);
// 释放局部引用
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, jniHandle);
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, jniHandleObject);
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, result);
}
例子中我给出了静态注册的常规写法,下面详细分析下动态注册在Android源码中的两种常用场景:开机JNI初始化与调用 System.loadLibrary 加载动态库
安卓系统开机过程中,会先启动Init进程,随后再拉起zygote进程。我们知道所有的APP应用进程都是通过fork zygote进程创建的,所以zygote进程在启动的过程中做了虚拟机初始化的操作,这其中就包括了framework所需要的所有JNI接口的注册
frameworks/base/cmds/app_process/app_main.cpp
int main(int argc, char* const argv[])
{
AppRuntime runtime(argv[0], computeArgBlockSize(argc, argv));
...
if (zygote) {
runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", args, zygote);
}
...
}
在init拉起zygote后,会运行zygote的可执行程序app_main
frameworks/base/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const Vector<String8>& options, bool zygote)
{
...
if (startReg(env) < 0) {
ALOGE("Unable to register all android natives/n");
return;
}
...
}
// 声明函数
extern int register_android_os_MessageQueue(JNIEnv* env);
static const RegJNIRec gRegJNI[] = {
...
// 初始化函数指针
REG_JNI(register_android_os_MessageQueue),
...
}
/*static*/ int AndroidRuntime::startReg(JNIEnv* env)
{
...
// 注册framework所需要的JNI接口
if (register_jni_procs(gRegJNI, NELEM(gRegJNI), env) < 0) {
env->PopLocalFrame(NULL);
return -1;
}
...
return 0;
}
static int register_jni_procs(const RegJNIRec array[],size_t count, JNIEnv* env)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
// 触发对应的注册函数
if (array[i].mProc(env) < 0) {
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
可以看到这个JNI注册的核心其实就是遍历RegJNIRec数组并触发RegJNIRec.mProc的调用
gRegJNI数组声明中频繁的使用到了 REG_JNI 这个宏,这里特别的看一下它的实现:
#defineREG_JNI(name) { name }
struct RegJNIRec {
int (*mProc)(JNIEnv*);
};
REG_JNI 的声明使用了填充结构,这里以 register_android_os_MessageQueue 为例,实际上是让mProc指向了它的函数指针,当调用 register_jni_procs 时,会触发 register_android_os_MessageQueue 这个extern函数,当程序执行这个它时,会自动调用到 android_os_MessageQueue 下的对应函数:
frameworks/base/core/jni/android_os_MessageQueue.cpp
#include"core_jni_helpers.h"
static const JNINativeMethod gMessageQueueMethods[] = {
/* name, signature, funcPtr */
{ "nativeInit", "()J", (void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativeInit },
{ "nativeDestroy", "(J)V", (void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativeDestroy },
{ "nativePollOnce", "(JI)V", (void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativePollOnce },
{ "nativeWake", "(J)V", (void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativeWake },
{ "nativeIsPolling", "(J)Z", (void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativeIsPolling },
{ "nativeSetFileDescriptorEvents", "(JII)V",
(void*)android_os_MessageQueue_nativeSetFileDescriptorEvents}
};
int register_android_os_MessageQueue(JNIEnv* env){
// 将JNI方法与对应的android.os.MessageQueue java类中的native方法进行绑定
int res = RegisterMethodsOrDie(env, "android/os/MessageQueue", gMessageQueueMethods, NELEM(gMessageQueueMethods));
...
return res;
}
大致来看,各个 register_xxx 方法其实都是调用到了在 core_jni_helpers.h 头文件中声明的 RegisterMethodsOrDie 内联方法:
frameworks/base/core/jni/core_jni_helpers.h
static inline int RegisterMethodsOrDie(JNIEnv* env,const char* className,const JNINativeMethod* gMethods, int numMethods){
int res = AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods(env, className, gMethods, numMethods);
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res < 0, "Unable to register native methods.");
return res;
}
frameworks/base/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
/*static*/ int AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods(JNIEnv* env,
const char* className, const JNINativeMethod* gMethods, int numMethods)
{
return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, className, gMethods, numMethods);
}
AndroidRuntime实际上是调用了JNIHelp中外联的 jniRegisterNativeMethods 方法
libnativehelper/JNIHelp.cpp
extern "C" int jniRegisterNativeMethods(C_JNIEnv* env,const char* className,const JNINativeMethod* gMethods, int numMethods)
{
JNIEnv* e = reinterpret_cast<JNIEnv*>(env);
scoped_local_ref<jclass> c(env, findClass(env, className));
if (c.get() == NULL) {
...
}
// 调用_JNI_ENV结构体的函数成员变量方法
if ((*env)->RegisterNatives(e, c.get(), gMethods, numMethods) < 0) {
...
}
return 0;
}
这里需要查看JNIENV结构的定义:
libnativehelper/include/nativehelper/jni.h
struct _JNIEnv;
typedef _JNIEnv JNIEnv;
struct _JNIEnv {
/* do not rename this; it does not seem to be entirely opaque */
const struct JNINativeInterface* functions;
...
jintRegisterNatives(jclass clazz,const JNINativeMethod* methods,
jint nMethods)
// 这里实际上是委托给JNINativeInterface进行处理
{ return functions->RegisterNatives(this, clazz, methods, nMethods);}
}
struct JNINativeInterface {
...
jint (*RegisterNatives)(JNIEnv*, jclass, const JNINativeMethod*, jint);
...
}
JNINativeInterface的 RegisterNatives 函数指针实际上是指向虚拟机内部定义的RegisterNatives函数,这个指向过程和虚拟机的启动过程有关,这里先不分析,直接看该函数的实现::
art/runtime/jni_internal.cc
static jint RegisterNatives(JNIEnv* env, jclass java_class,const JNINativeMethod* methods, jint method_count){
return RegisterNativeMethods(env, java_class, methods, method_count, true);
}
static jint RegisterNativeMethods(JNIEnv* env, jclass java_class,const JNINativeMethod* methods, jint method_count, bool return_errors){
...
for (jint i = 0; i < method_count; ++i) {
const char* name = methods[i].name;
const char* sig = methods[i].signature;
const void* fnPtr = methods[i].fnPtr;
...
// 获取到ArtMethod
ArtMethod* m = nullptr;
for (mirror::Class* current_class = c;
current_class != nullptr;
current_class = current_class->GetSuperClass()) {
// Search first only comparing methods which are native.
m = FindMethod<true>(current_class, name, sig);
if (m != nullptr) {
break;
}
...
}
...
// 委托给ArtMethod进行注册
m->RegisterNative(fnPtr, is_fast);
}
return JNI_OK;
}
art/runtime/art_method.cc
void ArtMethod::RegisterNative(const void* native_method, bool is_fast) {
...
SetEntryPointFromJni(native_method);
}
void SetEntryPointFromJni(const void* entrypoint){
...
SetEntryPointFromJniPtrSize(entrypoint, sizeof(void*));
}
ALWAYS_INLINEvoid SetEntryPointFromJniPtrSize(const void* entrypoint,size_t pointer_size){
SetNativePointer(EntryPointFromJniOffset(pointer_size), entrypoint, pointer_size);
}
// 获取entry_point_from_jni_的offset
static MemberOffset EntryPointFromJniOffset(size_t pointer_size){
return MemberOffset(PtrSizedFieldsOffset(pointer_size) + OFFSETOF_MEMBER(
PtrSizedFields, entry_point_from_jni_) / sizeof(void*) * pointer_size);
}
template<typename T>
ALWAYS_INLINEvoid SetNativePointer(MemberOffset offset, T new_value,size_t pointer_size){
// 获取jni偏移地址
const auto addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(this) + offset.Uint32Value();
// 对jni地址进行更新
if (pointer_size == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
uintptr_t ptr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_value);
*reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(addr) = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(ptr);
} else {
*reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(addr) = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_value);
}
}
最终register方法会调用到虚拟机,并对对应ArtMethod的 entry_point_from_jni_ 进行更新
对开机framework JNI初始化流程做个总结:
register_xxx 系列方法,对各个模块进行注册 RegisterMethodsOrDie 对 JNINativeMethod 数组进行注册 SetNativePointer 方法更新各个 ArtMethod 的 entry_point_from_jni_ 入口指针 自此JNI注册操作完成,在调用到JAVA中的native方法后,虚拟机自动调用到JNI实现,后续再会介绍JAVA层如何调用到Native层的
除了frameowork开机对必备的JNI接口初始化以外,APP自身也会有使用JNI接口的需求,这就需要使用到常用的 System.loadLibrary() 方法:
libcore/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/System.java
public static void loadLibrary(String libname){
Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary0(VMStack.getCallingClassLoader(), libname);
}
loadLibrary的操作是委托Runtime进行完成的
libcore/ojluni/src/main/java/java/lang/Runtime.java
synchronized void loadLibrary0(ClassLoader loader, String libname){
...
String libraryName = libname;
...
// 调用System的native方法进行map
String filename = System.mapLibraryName(libraryName);
List<String> candidates = new ArrayList<String>();
String lastError = null;
// 获取so库的目录路径
for (String directory : getLibPaths()) {
String candidate = directory + filename;
candidates.add(candidate);
if (IoUtils.canOpenReadOnly(candidate)) {
// 拼接路径完成后进行load
String error = doLoad(candidate, loader);
if (error == null) {
return; // We successfully loaded the library. Job done.
}
lastError = error;
}
}
...
}
private String doLoad(String name, ClassLoader loader){
...
synchronized (this) {
return nativeLoad(name, loader, librarySearchPath);
}
}
// 调用到native中进行load
private static native String nativeLoad(String filename, ClassLoader loader, String librarySearchPath);
调用 System.loadLibrary() 后,实际上在JAVA层只是做了些库路径的拼接操作,最终还是在native中实现的库加载
libcore/ojluni/src/main/native/Runtime.c
JNIEXPORT jstring JNICALL
Runtime_nativeLoad(JNIEnv* env, jclass ignored, jstring javaFilename,
jobject javaLoader, jstring javaLibrarySearchPath)
{
return JVM_NativeLoad(env, javaFilename, javaLoader, javaLibrarySearchPath);
}
随后调用到虚拟机进行加载
art/runtime/openjdkjvm/OpenjdkJvm.cc
JNIEXPORT jstringJVM_NativeLoad(JNIEnv* env,
jstring javaFilename,
jobject javaLoader,
jstring javaLibrarySearchPath) {
ScopedUtfCharsfilename(env, javaFilename);
...
std::string error_msg;
{
art::JavaVMExt* vm = art::Runtime::Current()->GetJavaVM();
// 委托给JavaVMExt进行加载
bool success = vm->LoadNativeLibrary(env,
filename.c_str(),
javaLoader,
javaLibrarySearchPath,
&error_msg);
}
}
art/runtime/java_vm_ext.cc
bool JavaVMExt::LoadNativeLibrary(JNIEnv* env,
const std::string& path,
jobject class_loader,
jstring library_path,
std::string* error_msg) {
// 打开动态so库
void* handle = android::OpenNativeLibrary(env, runtime_->GetTargetSdkVersion(), path_str, class_loader, library_path);
...
// 获取动态库中JNI_OnLoad方法,并调用进行JNI初始化
sym = library->FindSymbol("JNI_OnLoad", nullptr);
...
typedef int(*JNI_OnLoadFn)(JavaVM*,void*);
JNI_OnLoadFn jni_on_load = reinterpret_cast<JNI_OnLoadFn>(sym);
int version = (*jni_on_load)(this, nullptr);
}
在 JNI_OnLoad 方法中,一般也是需要调用 RegisterNativeMethods 方法来实现native方法与java与native层的JNI映射
总结一下 System.loadLibrary() 的操作流程:
System.loadLibrary() LoadNativeLibrary JNI_OnLoad
可以看到,无论是framework初始化、还是APP主动加载动态库,要想使用JNI就必须调用 RegisterNatives 系列方法初始化JNI映射