本文以 API 23 代码为例讲解 AsyncTask 的使用和源码以及注意事项。
API 3 引入的类,目的在于简化 Android 的异步耗时操作前后的 UI 线程操作。在某种程度上来说, AsyncTask 是 Thread 和 Handler 的帮助类,无需关心线程调度等操作。 AsyncTask 有三个类属性,分别是 Params , Progress , Result ,和四个步骤, onPreExecute , doInBackground , onProgressUpdate 和 onPostExecute 。
AsyncTask 必须得继承才能使用,子类至少得重写 doInBackground(Params...) 方法,同时也会经常重写 onPostExecute(Result) 方法。
private class DownloadFilesTask extends AsyncTask<URL, Integer, Long> {
protected Long doInBackground(URL... urls) {
int count = urls.length;
long totalSize = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
totalSize += Downloader.downloadFile(urls[i]);
publishProgress((int) ((i / (float) count) * 100));
// Escape early if cancel() is called
if (isCancelled()) break;
}
return totalSize;
}
protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... progress) {
setProgressPercent(progress[0]);
}
protected void onPostExecute(Long result) {
showDialog("Downloaded " + result + " bytes");
}
}
AsyncTask 的执行很简单:
new DownloadFilesTask().execute(url1, url2, url3);
AsyncTask 有三个类属性,分别是:
Params ,传递给 doInBackground 的参数形式 Progress ,在 doInBackground 运行中计算的进度单位值(the type of the progress units published during the background computation) Result , doInBackground 运行完成后得到的结果的形式 并不是所有的类属性都会被用到,如果有不需要的话,使用 Void 。
当 AsyncTask 被执行时,会经过四个步骤:
onPreExecute() ,当执行 doInBackground 前在 UI 线程 被调用 doInBackground(Params...) , onPreExecute() 之后在 子线程 中被调用。这个方法中主要处理耗时操作,最后的结构将会传递给 onPostExecute 。在这个步骤中,可以使用 publishProgress(Progess...) 来进行进度控制,当调用这个方法之后, onPregressUpdate(Progress...) 会被自动调用 onPregessUpdat(Progress...) ,当调用 publishProgress(Progess...) 之后自动在 UI 线程 被调用,这个方法中可以进行百分制的进度条的展示等等 onPostExecute(Result) ,当 doInBackground 完成之后在 UI 线程 被调用 execute(Params...) 方法必须在 UI 线程中调用 onPreExecute() , onPostExecute(Result) , doInBackground(Params...) , onProgressUpdate(Progress...) exexute 的话将会抛出异常 public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
private static final int MESSAGE_POST_RESULT = 0x1;
private static final int MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS = 0x2;
private final WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> mWorker;
private final FutureTask<Result> mFuture;
private final AtomicBoolean mCancelled = new AtomicBoolean();
private final AtomicBoolean mTaskInvoked = new AtomicBoolean();
private static InternalHandler sHandler;
/**
* Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
*/
public AsyncTask() {
mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
public Result call() throws Exception {
//mTaskInvoked是一个AtomicBoolean变量,设置为true表明task正在执行
mTaskInvoked.set(true);
//线程优先级设置为后台
Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
Result result = doInBackground(mParams);
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
return postResult(result);
}
};
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()", e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};
}
private static abstract class WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> implements Callable<Result> {
Params[] mParams;
}
/**
* 创建一个static的Handler,这样的话所有的AsyncTask对象都是这个Handler
*/
private void postResultIfNotInvoked(Result result) {
final boolean wasTaskInvoked = mTaskInvoked.get();
if (!wasTaskInvoked) {
postResult(result);
}
}
/**
* 将Result通过Handler传递到UI线程
*/
private Result postResult(Result result) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
}
/**
* 得到Handler
*/
private static Handler getHandler() {
synchronized (AsyncTask.class) {
if (sHandler == null) {
sHandler = new InternalHandler();
}
return sHandler;
}
}
/**
* 主线程的Handler
*/
private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
public InternalHandler() {
super(Looper.getMainLooper());
}
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
AsyncTaskResult<?> result = (AsyncTaskResult<?>) msg.obj;
//处理不同的事件
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
// There is only one result
result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
break;
case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
break;
}
}
}
/**
* 完成
*/
private void finish(Result result) {
if (isCancelled()) {
onCancelled(result);
} else {
onPostExecute(result);
}
mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
}
public final boolean isCancelled() {
return mCancelled.get();
}
/**
* Handler传递数据的时候将数据封装的形式
* mTask是为了到时将AsyncTaskResult获取到之后拿到task进行操作,比如result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData)
* mData是Result数据或者Preogress数据
*/
@SuppressWarnings({"RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
private static class AsyncTaskResult<Data> {
final AsyncTask mTask;
final Data[] mData;
AsyncTaskResult(AsyncTask task, Data... data) {
mTask = task;
mData = data;
}
}
}
在构造方法中初始化了 mWorker 和 mFuture 两个变量,初始化 mFuture 的时候将 mWork 作为参数传递进去了。 mWork 是一个 Callable 对象, mFuture 是一个 FutureTask 对象。
Callable 和 FutureTask 的一般用法是让线程池去 submit 一个 Callable ,返回一个 Future 类型的变量,此时 Callable 中的操作已经添加到线程池中了,按照线程池中的调度算法进行调度运行。当返回的 Future 变量进行 get() 方法操作的时候,得到 Callable 中操作的返回值,如果操作还没有操作完,那么程序会阻塞在 get() 方法这里。
在 WorkerRunnable 的 call() 方法中调用了 doInBackground 。在 postResult 将数据通过 Handler 传递到 UI 线程,在 Handler 的 handleMessage() 中调用了 finish 方法,使 onPostExecute 被调用。
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
//我的MX5的CPU_COUNT的值为8
private static final int CPU_COUNT = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
//那么这里为9,同一时刻能够运行的线程数为9个
private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT + 1;
//那么这里为17,即线程池大小为17
private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT * 2 + 1;
//每次只能执行1个
private static final int KEEP_ALIVE = 1;
/**
* An {@link Executor} that can be used to execute tasks in parallel.
*/
public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR
= new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE,
TimeUnit.SECONDS, sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);
/**
* An {@link Executor} that executes tasks one at a time in serial
* order. This serialization is global to a particular process.
* 串行池,UI线程,对应之前讲到的 AsyncTask 类必须在 UI 线程中加载
*/
public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor();
private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR;
private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
//队列
final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
//当前执行的Runnable
Runnable mActive;
public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
//向队列中添加runnable,new一个Runnable出来,执行传递进来的runnable.run,无论传递进来的runnable发生什么事,继续执行下一个runnable
mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
r.run();
} finally {
scheduleNext();
}
}
});
if (mActive == null) {
scheduleNext();
}
}
protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
//出队列,将值传递给mActive
if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
}
}
}
@MainThread
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
}
@MainThread
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec, Params... params) {
//这里就是之前介绍说到的,一个task只能被执行一次
if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
switch (mStatus) {
case RUNNING:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task is already running.");
case FINISHED:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task has already been executed "
+ "(a task can be executed only once)");
}
}
//将状态改为RUNNING
mStatus = Status.RUNNING;
//调用onPreExecute
onPreExecute();
//将参数传递给mWorker
mWorker.mParams = params;
//执行
exec.execute(mFuture);
return this;
}
/**
* Indicates the current status of the task. Each status will be set only once
* during the lifetime of a task.
*/
public enum Status {
/**
* Indicates that the task has not been executed yet.
* 表示task还没有被执行
*/
PENDING,
/**
* Indicates that the task is running.
* 表示task正在运行
*/
RUNNING,
/**
* Indicates that {@link AsyncTask#onPostExecute} has finished.
* 表示task已经运行完了
*/
FINISHED,
}
}
在执行 execute 方法的时候就会调用 onPreExecute 。
SERIAL_EXECUTOR 说明了之前的 规则 1 。 executeOnExecutor 说明了之前的 规则 5 。
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
@WorkerThread
protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) {
if (!isCancelled()) {
getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,
new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget();
}
}
private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
public InternalHandler() {
super(Looper.getMainLooper());
}
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
AsyncTaskResult<?> result = (AsyncTaskResult<?>) msg.obj;
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
// There is only one result
result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
break;
case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
break;
}
}
}
}
通过调用 publishProgress 方法,将数据通过 Handler 传递到 UI 线程,在 handleMessage() 中处理,调用了 onProgressUpdate 。
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
@MainThread
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
Params... params) {
if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
switch (mStatus) {
case RUNNING:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task is already running.");
case FINISHED:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task has already been executed "
+ "(a task can be executed only once)");
}
}
mStatus = Status.RUNNING;
onPreExecute();
mWorker.mParams = params;
exec.execute(mFuture);
return this;
}
}
executeOnExecutor 该方法之前分析过,但是需要注意的是该方法是 public ,所以用户可以传入自己的线程池。
Executor exec = new ThreadPoolExecutor(15, 200, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
new DownloadTask().executeOnExecutor(exec);
但是比较麻烦的是每次都需要这么写,有没有简单点的方法呢,是有的:
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
/** @hide */
public static void setDefaultExecutor(Executor exec) {
sDefaultExecutor = exec;
}
}
该方法是被隐藏了的,但是可以通过反射调用。
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
private final AtomicBoolean mCancelled = new AtomicBoolean();
public final boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
mCancelled.set(true);
return mFuture.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
}
public final boolean isCancelled() {
return mCancelled.get();
}
@MainThread
protected void onCancelled() {
}
@SuppressWarnings({"UnusedParameters"})
@MainThread
protected void onCancelled(Result result) {
onCancelled();
}
}
AsyncTask 的取消操作是封装好的,只需要调用就行。
public abstract class AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> {
public final Result get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
return mFuture.get();
}
public final Result get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
return mFuture.get(timeout, unit);
}
}
也可以直接通过 get() 方法拿到最后的值,只不过没拿到值前会阻塞线程。
support V4 中有一个 AsyncTask 的兼容类 AsyncTaskCompat 。主要逻辑就是在 API 11 之前并行处理 Task,而 API 11 之后也改为并行处理 Task 。
public class AsyncTaskCompat {
public static <Params, Progress, Result> AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeParallel(
AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> task,
Params... params) {
if (task == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("task can not be null");
}
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 11) {
// From API 11 onwards, we need to manually select the THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR
AsyncTaskCompatHoneycomb.executeParallel(task, params);
} else {
// Before API 11, all tasks were run in parallel
task.execute(params);
}
return task;
}
}